Summary: In view of the deteriorating global malaria situation and the urgent need for new and effective control measures, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) was asked by a consortium of U.S. federal and private sponsors to conduct a workshop to evaluate current international efforts in malaria vaccine research and development and to make recommendations on how the U.S. federal government can help expedite more rapid and efficient development of promising malaria vaccine candidates. To accomplish this task, the IOM convened the Committee on Malaria Vaccines, a group of six members reflecting a broad range of expertise in microbiology, parasitology, vaccine research and development, molecular biology, epidemiology, and the conduct of vaccine field trials and related issues. A workshop was held to address two key questions: what are the current incentives and disincentives to fuller participation of the industrial sector in malaria vaccine development, and how can the U.S. federal and industrial sectors and the international community work together more efficiently toward the common goal of developing effective malaria vaccines? This report summarizes the findings of the workshop.